Date of Completion

2025

Document Type

Thesis

Degree Name

Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy

Keywords

Garcinia binucao, xanthine oxidase inhibition, phenolics, flavonoids, gout, hyperuricemia

Abstract

Garcinia binucao (Batuan) is a local Philippine fruit commonly used as a souring agent in regional cuisine. Previous studies report that G. binucao contains phenolics, flavonoids, and other phytochemicals with potential xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory activity—an important mechanism for reducing uric acid levels and preventing gout, which is a prevalent type of inflammatory arthritis in the Philippines. This study evaluated the XO inhibitory activity of G. binucao pulp with seed methanolic extracts (BPSME) and its methanol and hexane fractions using an XO inhibition assay. Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were also measured to support the findings. Among the extracts tested, Crude BPSME showed the highest %inhibition (13.4 ± 4.01%) compared to the methanol fraction (13.37 ± 2.06%) and hexane fraction (8.57 ± 1.53%). It also recorded the highest quercetin equivalence (19.38 ± 2.15 mg/g extract) while the hexane fraction exhibited the highest gallic acid equivalence (0.250 ± 0.004 mg/g extract). The standard drug, Allopurinol, showed a %inhibition of 13.71 ± 4.07%. Unlike the extracts, Allopurinol exhibited lower inhibition at higher concentrations, possibly due to insufficient enzyme inhibition or its reported weak in-vitro activity. These results support previous findings linking phenolics and flavonoids to XO inhibition. Overall, this study highlights the potential XO inhibitory properties of G. binucao, suggesting its possible use for managing hyperuricemia. Further studies, including molecular docking, are recommended to clarify interactions between its bioactive compounds and XO and to validate its therapeutic potential.

First Advisor

Timothy Jay L. Bengala, RPh, MS

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